Electrical Impedance Tomography

SEMINAR ON Electrical Impedance Tomography :

To begin with, the word tomography can be explained with reference to 'tomo' and 'graphy'; 'tomo' originates from the Greek word 'tomos' which means section or slice, and 'graphy' refers to representation. Hence tomography refers to any method which involves reconstruction of the internal structural information within an object mathematically from a series of projections. The projection here is the visual information probed using an emanation which are physical processes involved. These include physical processes such as radiation, wave motion, static field, electric current etc. which are used to study an object from outside.

Medical tomography primarily uses X-ray absorption, magnetic resonance, positron emission, and sound waves (ultrasound) as the emanation. Nonmedical area of application and research use ultrasound and many different frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum such as microwaves, gamma rays etc. for probing the visual information. Besides photons, tomography is regularly performed using electrons and neutrons. In addition to absorption of the particles or radiation, tomography can be based on the scattering or emission of radiation or even using electric current as well.

When electric current is consecutively fed through different available electrode pairs and the corresponding voltage, measured consecutively by all remaining electrode pairs, it is possible to create an image of the impedance of different regions of the volume conductor by using certain reconstruction algorithms. This imaging method is called impedance imaging. Because the image is usually constructed in two dimensions from a slice of the volume conductor, the method is also called impedance tomography and ECCT (electric current computed tomography), or simply, electrical impedance tomography or EIT.

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is an imaging technology that applies time-varying currents to the surface of a body and records the resulting voltages in order to reconstruct and display the electrical conductivity and permittivity in the interior of the body. This technique exploits the electrical properties of tissues such as resistance and capacitance. It aims at exploiting the differences in the passive electrical properties of tissues in order to generate a tomographic image.

Human tissue is not simply conductive. There is evidence that many tissues also demonstrate a capacitive component of current flow, and therefore, it is appropriate to speak of the specific admittance (admittivity) or specific impedance (impedivity) of tissue rather than the conductivity; hence, electric impedance tomography. Thus, EIT is an imaging method which maybe used to complement X-ray tomography (computer tomography, CT), ultrasound imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and others.

Electric Powerline Networking For A Smart Home

SEMINAR ON Electric Powerline Networking For A Smart Home :
Electric power line networking is a method of home networking which is capable of interconnecting computers in your home. It uses exciting AC wiring and power outlets to transmit data around a home or small offices. It is based on the concept of 'no new wires'. It would let you share:
" Web access
" Printers
" PC hard drives
From any plug in your home or office.
Electric power line networking avoids the need for putting PCs near a phone outlet. Instead, computers and other devices are connected through electrical outlet. You are networked by just plugging in. power line networking is based on Homeplug Powerline Alliance's Homeplug 1.0 standards. With power line networking, a home owner can create an entire home network linking his/her,
" Personal computers
" Printers
" Music equipments
" Internet access
Without running any new wires.
Wires and sockets are used simultaneously for electricity and data, without disrupting each other. Thus power line networking provides a cost effective solution for home networking. With power line networking, you will be able to put your desktop PCs anywhere you like in your home. It will also easier to buy and network other devices.

Eddy current brakes

SEMINAR ON Eddy current brakes:Many of the ordinary brakes, which are being used now days stop the vehicle by means of mechanical blocking. This causes skidding and wear and tear of the vehicle. And if the speed of the vehicle is very high, the brake cannot provide that much high braking force and it will cause problems. These drawbacks of ordinary brakes can be overcome by a simple and effective mechanism of braking system 'The eddy current brake'. It is an abrasion-free method for braking of vehicles including trains. It makes use of the opposing tendency of eddy current
Eddy current is the swirling current produced in a conductor, which is subjected to a change in magnetic field. Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause energy to be lost. More accurately, eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy such as kinetic energy into heat, which is much less useful. In many applications, the loss of useful energy is not particularly desirable. But there are some practical applications. Such an application is the eddy current brake.

Digital Testing of High Voltage Circuit Breaker

SEMINAR ON Digital Testing of High Voltage Circuit Breaker:
With the advancement of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high voltages and carry large currents. High-voltage circuit breakers play an important role in transmission and distribution systems. A circuit breaker can make or break a circuit, either manually or automatically under all conditions viz. no-load, full-load and short-circuit conditions. The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) defines circuit breaker as: "A mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time, and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit". A circuit breaker is usually intended to operate infrequently, although some types are suitable for frequent operation.
HISTORY
The first circuit breaker was developed by J.N. Kelman in 1901. It was the predecessor of the oil circuit breaker and capable of interrupting a short circuit current of 200 to 300 Ampere in a 40KV system. The circuit breaker was made up of two wooden barrels containing a mixture of oil and water in which the contacts were immersed. Since then the circuit breaker design has undergone a remarkable development. Now a days one pole of circuit breaker is capable of interrupting 63 KA in a 550 KV network with SF6 gas as the arc quenching medium.

ADAPTIVE OPTICS

SEMINAR ON ADAPTIVE OPTICS:Adaptive optics is a new technology which is being used now a days in ground based telescopes to remove atmospheric tremor and thus provide a clearer and brighter view of stars seen through ground based telescopes. Without using this system, the images obtained through telescopes on earth are seen to be blurred, which is caused by the turbulent mixing of air at different temperatures causing speed & direction of star light to vary as it continually passes through the atmosphere
Adaptive optics in effect removes this atmospheric tremor. It brings together the latest in computers, material science, electronic detectors, and digital control in a system that warps and bends a mirror in a telescope to counteract, in real time the atmospheric distortion.
The advance promises to let ground based telescopes reach their fundamental limits of resolution and sensitivity, out performing space based telescopes and ushering in a new era in optical astronomy. Finally, with this technology, it will be possible to see gas-giant type planets in nearby solar systems in our Milky Way galaxy. Although about 100 such planets have been discovered in recent years, all were detected through indirect means, such as the gravitational effects on their parent stars, and none has actually been detected directly.

QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

SEMINAR ON QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY : During the 20 th century and a half, the struggle between makers and code breakers codes have suffered reversals and complications. Unbreakable zero was invented in 1918, unbreakable even if it is not established until 1940. This figure was impractical because it requires the sender and recipient agree in advance the key - a large warehouse of the secret random number some of which were used every time a secret message was delivered. Encryption is the most practical short, re-keys, or not secret key at all, was developed in the 1970s, but today they remain in limbo mathematics, which is not broken and does not show safe. One unexpected recent development is the use of quantum mechanics of doing things reached the mathematics of encryption alone. quantum encryption devices typically employ individual photons of light, and take advantage of the uncertainty principle principle that the measurement of a quantum system in general bother him and give incomplete information about his condition before measurement. Listen in a quantum communication channel thus causes a disturbance unavoidable, alerting the legitimate users. Quantum cryptography exploits this, so that both parties 've never met and who do not share secret information in advance communicate in secrecy under the nose of an opponent.

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION SALMA

SEMINAR ON QUANTUM TELEPORTATION SALMA : Since the wheel was invented more than 5,000 years, people are inventing new ways to travel faster from one place second. Wagons, bikes, cars, planes, rockets have all was invented to reduce the amount of time spent to reach our desired destinations. However, each of these forms of transport from same mistake: they force us to cross a physical distance that can take from several minutes to several hours depending on your point of departure and endpoints. Some scientists are currently working on a method Travel, combining properties of telecommunications and transport To achieve a system called teleportation. The technology of teleportation is 21 century alternative to travel. You can save time and money and improve your home network and external communication. Our System is very easy to use. All you have to do is click link and you can show 3-dimensional setting of a chair or behind a desk across the globe - almost immediately. Our products are designed for the technology is invisible. This means you Always pay attention to the person you are talking about, or technology.

SAP R/3

SEMINAR ON SAP R/3 : According to the Internet, SAP R / 3 is one of the hottest topics the computer industry, and the company has developed SAP AG, has become a successful software on the market. SAP R / 3 is for most industries: manufacturing, retail, oil and gas, electricity, health, pharmaceutical, banking, insurance, telecommunications, transportation, automotive, chemicals, etc.. All white goods suppliers, without exception, are fully committed to working with
SAP: Currently, AT & T, Bull, Compaq, Data General, Digital, IBM Hewlett-Packard, Pyramid, Sequent, Siemens-Nixdorf and Sun support and certified SAP R / 3 platforms. SAP AG, found in 1972 by four former IBM employees. Since its inception, SAP has made significant development efforts and marketing in the standard application software, is a global player in the market and its R / 2 system mainframe applications and SAP R / 3 to open Mclient / server technologies. The name of the SAP means Systems, Applications Products and data processing. This is a standard software that can be configured in multiple areas and tailored to specific society needs. Support these needs, including SAP many business functions and a room to provide other
improvement or adaptation to changes in business practices.

SESURE INTERNET LIVE CONFERECING PROTOCOL

SEMINAR ON SILC : Cat protocols are very popular on the internet. They been very popular since it first appeared on the record chat network. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is one of the first chat protocols, and fast received a state is the most popular IM network. Today, the IRC is Several competitors of various other so-called instant messaging (IM) protocols such as ICQ. However, all these different IM protocols something in common: they are all insecure. Safety is important function in applications and protocols in the modern network environment. Senior IM protocols have not been able to meet the growing security Internet requirements. No longer enough to provide services such as instant messaging services. Now the services are safe and secure. The secure Internet Live Conferencing (SILC) is a new protocol generation of instant messaging protocol that offers a fully featured conferencing services, like any other protocol offers contemporary cat. In addition, provides security by encrypting and authenticating messages network. Security is the main objective of the protocol and SILC protocol was designed from day one safety in mind. All packages and Messages travel in the SILC network are always encrypted and approved. The network topology is also different, for example, IRC network. SILC network topology tries to be more powerful and IRC scalable. The basic objective is SILC protocol Ensure conference facilities. SILC protocol developed as open source project. The protocol specifications are freely available and they have been submitted to the IETF. The first
implementations of the protocol is already available.

SIMPUTER

SEMINAR ON SIMPUTER : Even the poorest of the poor pay for the service if the service improves their quality of life someway. Several companies are now deals with the rural market and they are necessary for the information and communications infrastructure in remote rural areas. To achieve this objective, the project plan Simputer the organization of the Global Village, an international seminar on Information technology in developing countries, which was carried out Bangalore IT.com event in October 1998.
If good service is provided on the right path information technology can influence the lives of people around the world world. The Simputer is a low cost alternative to a laptop, for which the benefits of IT can reach the common man. He has a special role in The Third World, as it ensures that knowledge of English is not is no longer an obstacle to the operation of a computer.

THE ANATOMY OF GRID

SEMINAR ON THE ANATOMY OF GRID : The term "Grid" was coined to indicate mid1990s proposed distributed computing infrastructure for advanced science and technology. Significant progress has been made since the construction of these infrastructures, but the term "Grid" has also been merger, at least in popular perception, embracing everything from networks developed in artificial intelligence. One might ask, if the term has real meaning and significance. It 'really distinct "Grid problem", and thus the need for new "Grid Technology"? If yes, what is the nature of these technologies, and what is their domain application? Although many groups have an interest in Grid concepts and share a common vision of Grid architecture significant, do not see a consensus on the answers to these questions. The real and specific problem that underlies the grid concept is coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations. The exchange that we are concerned is not primarily file exchange, but the most direct access to computers, software, data and other resources required by a number collaborative problem-solving and resource brokering nascent industry, science and technology. This division is necessarily, highly controlled, with resource and consumer to define clearly and precisely what needs to be shared, which can parties, and the conditions under which sharing occurs. Number of people and / or institutions defined by how sharing rules that we call a virtual organization (VO).